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Women in Space: from Valentina Tereshkova to the Artemis Program From invisible pioneers… to leading figures in space exploration Just over 50 years ago, during the Apollo 11 Moon Landing, humanity took one of the most important steps in its history: setting foot on the Moon for the first time. But that iconic image had a clear absence: there were no women astronauts. And yet, the history of women in space had already begun. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space aboard the Vostok 6 mission. For nearly three days, she orbited the Earth alone, opening a door that would barely be crossed again for many years. Because the problem was never capability. It was opportunity.   https://youtu.be/7nCsDjc2sPg?si=e18PPj3iqmduPJC8 📊 Women in STEM: real progress, but persistent inequality Progress is undeniable, but data shows that equality has not yet been achieved. Only 33% of researchers worldwide are women 👉 Source: UNESCO Approximately 35% of students in STEM fields are women 👉 Source: UNESCO In Europe, women represent only 19% of ICT specialists 👉 Source: Eurostat In artificial intelligence, female representation drops below 25% 👉 Source: World Economic Forum This reflects a clear reality: women have entered science, but not on equal terms. 🚀 The invisible pioneers of the Apollo program While astronauts were traveling into space, many women were making those missions possible. 🧠 Katherine Johnson: the mathematics behind the Moon landing Katherine Johnson was one of the key figures in the Apollo program. She calculated critical orbital trajectories She manually verified early computer calculations She ensured the precision of missions like Apollo 11 Her work was essential, although it remained largely unrecognized for decades. 📎 Official NASA biography 💻 Margaret Hamilton: the software that saved the mission Margaret Hamilton led the development of the Apollo

Artemis II: the mission that marks the human return to the Moon in 2026 The first crewed mission around the Moon in more than 50 years is now a reality The Artemis II mission, marking the human Moon return in 2026, has moved from being a project to becoming one of the most important milestones in modern space exploration. More than half a century after the Apollo missions, humans are once again traveling toward the Moon. Artemis II: meet the astronauts 🚀 What is happening now with Artemis II As of April 2026, Artemis II is in a critical phase: the full validation of the Orion system with crew on board. The mission lasts approximately 10 days and includes a lunar flyby before returning to Earth. During this time, astronauts are testing all systems required for future missions: deep-space navigation, communications, life support, and spacecraft control. This type of mission is essential because it verifies every detail under real conditions before the next major step: returning humans to the lunar surface.   🛰️ Orion: the spacecraft that will carry astronauts The Orion capsule is the vehicle designed to transport humans beyond Earth orbit. Unlike the Apollo spacecraft, it incorporates modern technology, digital systems, and improved radiation protection. A key detail: Orion’s service module has been developed by the European Space Agency (ESA). This system provides power, air, water, and propulsion. This makes Artemis II a truly international mission in which Europe plays a crucial role. 👨‍🚀 The human experience: seeing Earth from the Moon One of the most powerful moments of the mission will be the so-called Earthrise: the sight of Earth appearing above the lunar horizon. This phenomenon, already witnessed during the Apollo missions, has a strong emotional impact. From the Moon, Earth appears as a small blue planet

Gran Telescopio Canarias observes the closest Little Red Dot and reveals how the first black holes grew   The Little Red Dot and Gran Telescopio Canarias in La Palma are at the heart of a key astrophysics result: studying the closest known example of these enigmatic objects helps astronomers understand how the first supermassive black holes grew during cosmic dawn. Observations with the Gran Telescopio Canarias, at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, provide crucial evidence about the density of the gas surrounding these rapidly growing black holes. What is a Little Red Dot? Little Red Dots (LRDs) are very compact, faint objects first identified in deep surveys by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). They were found in the early Universe, when it was less than 1.5 billion years old—an era known as cosmic dawn, when the first galaxies and complex structures were taking shape.   Why are they so intriguing? Because they show strong signs of hosting rapidly growing supermassive black holes, but they do not behave like typical nearby active galaxies. Their spectra often show strong hydrogen emission lines (sometimes with broad components indicating fast-moving gas), yet their emission in X-rays and the infrared can be unexpectedly weak. This challenges standard models of how black holes grow. ¿Qué es una Little Red Dot? The mystery of the rapid growth of the first black holes One of the biggest challenges in modern cosmology is explaining how black holes with millions—or even billions—of solar masses could form and grow in less than a billion years. A key clue is that many Little Red Dots show absorption features within their hydrogen emission lines. This suggests that while very hot gas is producing a bright glow, the system is surrounded by cooler, extremely dense gas that absorbs part of the radiation

Night Photography and Sunset Photography with Your Phone in La Palma A Practical Guide from the Skies of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory Night photography with your phone in La Palma is one of the most exciting ways to experience the island’s dark skies. More than a trend, it’s an accessible way to connect with astronomy, discover the beauty of the night, and capture the Universe with the device you already carry in your pocket. From the astronomical viewpoints in La Palma, and especially around the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, one of the most important astrophysics research centers in the Northern Hemisphere, anyone can begin photographing stars or sunsets without needing a professional camera. In this guide, I’ll explain what to do, very simple, how to configure your phone, and the best settings to start today. Why La Palma Is Perfect for Night Photography La Palma is a certified Starlight Reserve and Destination, internationally recognized for the quality of its night sky. The combination of: High altitude (over 2,000 m at the Roque) Extremely low light pollution Exceptional atmospheric stability Legal sky protection makes it possible for even a smartphone to capture sharp stars. But it goes further. La Palma is one of the world’s epicenters of astronomy and astrophysics, thanks to the work of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), which manages the observatory. That scientific and environmental quality translates into something very simple: you can observe and photograph the sky from almost any high point on the island with spectacular results. How to Set Up Your Phone for Night Photography Activate Night Mode Most modern smartphones include an automatic night mode. What does Night Mode do? Increases exposure time Combines multiple images Reduces digital noise Practical tip: rest your phone on a rock, railing, or

Solar Halo in La Palma in Winter (and Other Incredible Optical Phenomena): Brocken Spectre, Sundogs and Light Pillars In La Palma, the sky is not only enjoyed at night. In winter, the atmosphere can gift us spectacular light phenomena such as the 22° solar halo, the mysterious Brocken Spectre, and other optical effects that look like “magic”… but are actually pure physics.If you love astronomy, meteorology, or you are simply curious about the sky, this article is for you.And if you would like to learn how to observe (and photograph) these gifts from the sky, at La Palma Stars we have been doing exactly that for years with visitors from all over the world. What Is a 22° Solar Halo and Why Does It Appear in Winter? Sometimes winter brings a silent gift: a luminous ring around the Sun. That is a 22° solar halo. It is not a rainbow, not a camera filter, and not a strange phone effect. It is a real and very recognizable atmospheric phenomenon. How a Solar Halo Forms A halo forms when sunlight passes through ice crystals suspended in high-altitude clouds (usually cirrostratus clouds). These crystals are typically hexagonal and act like tiny prisms. The light is refracted (bent) as it passes through them, and due to geometry, the ring appears at a “typical” radius of 22 degrees from the Sun. How to Recognize It (No Instruments Needed) You see a circle (sometimes complete, sometimes partial) around the Sun. It appears at a constant distance: 22° (a fist at arm’s length equals about 10°, so it’s a little more than two fists). The inner edge may appear slightly reddish. The sky often looks “milky” due to thin high clouds. Besides being beautiful, it can also be a weather clue: the presence of cirrostratus clouds

New Super-Earth in La Palma: Discovery at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory La Palma once again takes its place on the global astronomy map with the discovery of a New Super-Earth in La Palma, detected thanks to observations carried out at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, part of the Observatorio de La Palma. This astronomical complex, one of the most important in the Northern Hemisphere, played a key role in identifying a new planet orbiting the star HD 176986, located about 91 light-years away. The discovery was led by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) and published in the scientific journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, one of the leading publications in astrophysics. HD 176986: A Nearby Star with Three Planets The image above is an artistic impression of the HD 176986 planetary system. It is not a real photograph, but a scientific illustration representing how the system might look. Credit: Gabriel Pérez Díaz (IAC).   HD 176986 is an orange dwarf star (K-type), slightly smaller and cooler than our Sun. At a distance of about 91 light-years, it is relatively close in astronomical terms. This planetary system has been known since 2018, when an IAC-led study revealed two planets: HD 176986 b, with an orbital period of 6.5 days HD 176986 c, with an orbital period of 16.8 days Now, an international research team has identified a third planet: a new super-Earth, bringing the total number of known planets in this system to three. What Is a Super-Earth? A super-Earth is an exoplanet with a mass greater than Earth’s but smaller than that of ice giants like Neptune. The term refers only to its size and mass — it does not automatically mean the planet is habitable. What Does “Habitable” Really Mean? When scientists speak about habitability, they

February 11: Women, Science, and the Sky A personal story from AstroLaPalma and LaPalmaStars.com Today, February 11, the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, I want to talk about women in science and astronomy from a personal point of view—from lived experience, from the sky that has accompanied me since childhood, and from the women who today and in the past have been part of AstroLaPalma. From La Palma, under one of the best skies in the world—between stargazing, science outreach, and visits to the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory—these stories are also part of science. I wanted to be an astronomer from the age of seven I was seven years old when I saw a lunar eclipse. I don’t remember many technical details, but I clearly remember the feeling. Something clicked. From that moment on, looking at the sky stopped being just looking—it became a constant question. That moment shaped everything that came after. In 1998, I became an astrophysicist. In 2005, I earned my PhD. In 2019, I became a Starlight Guide. In 2023, an environmental educator. It was not an easy path, nor a straight or perfect one. But it was mine. And above all, it was possible because no one ever told me I couldn’t. Candy: when science begins without you even realizing it Candy’s story is very different—and that is precisely why it is so important to tell. Candy did not grow up dreaming of becoming an astronomer. Her first contact with the sky was in 2012, while working at a rural guesthouse, where she learned how to use a telescope almost by chance. There was no plan, no scientific career in mind. Just curiosity. And an opportunity. From curiosity to astronomy By 2015, Candy was already an astronomer. In 2019, she became

Artemis II: The Return to the Moon and a New Era of Space Exploration After more than 50 years, humanity is preparing to travel to the Moon once again. This is not a nostalgic mission, but the beginning of a new era in space exploration. Artemis II will be the first crewed flight around the Moon since 1972 and is part of the ambitious Artemis program, led by the NASA with the collaboration of the ESA and other international space agencies. From privileged places to observe the night sky, such as La Palma—where astronomy is part of both the landscape and everyday life—this return to the Moon is experienced with special excitement. What Is the Artemis Program? The Artemis program is the major international project that will shape the future of human space exploration. Its main goals are: To send astronauts back to the Moon To establish a sustainable human presence on its surface To prepare the way for future crewed missions to Mars Unlike the Apollo program, Artemis is not about simply “going and coming back.” Its aim is to learn how to live and work beyond Earth, combining science, technology, and international cooperation. Official Information About the Artemis Program NASA – Artemis Program:https://www.nasa.gov/artemis ESA – Europe’s role in Artemis:https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Artemis Artemis II: What Will This Mission Do? Artemis II will be a crewed mission, but it will not land on the Moon. Its purpose is to ensure that all systems work properly with astronauts on board before taking the next step. Artemis II Mission Trajectory Launch from Earth aboard the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket Flight in Earth orbit Journey to the Moon and a flyby around it Safe return to Earth after approximately 10 days During the mission, the astronauts will evaluate the Orion spacecraft, deep-space communications, and

      Soñando Estrellas: the IAC radio programme bringing the Universe closer to the public The Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC) strengthens its commitment to science outreach with Soñando Estrellas, a weekly radio programme broadcast every Friday at 10:30 pm on La Radio Canaria, and also available as a podcast and through digital platforms (In Spanish). Soñando Estrellas is a programme that pretends to bring the Universe closer to everyone. With a 30-minute format, Soñando Estrellas is designed as an engaging and accessible space devoted to research, technology, people, and activities at the IAC. Its aim is to bring Astrophysics, the work of the Institute, and the activity of the Canary Islands Observatories closer to the general audience in a clear, rigorous, and approachable way. The programme is directed and hosted by Verónica Martín, Head of the IAC’s Communication and Scientific Culture Unit (UC3). The programme’s title is also a heartfelt tribute to the autobiographical book Soñando Estrellas by the IAC’s founder, Francisco Sánchez, who passed away recently. The name reflects the vision and determination of a man who, decades ago, promoted the creation in the Canary Islands of a unique, internationally recognised, and specially protected site for observing the sky—where cutting-edge science and advanced technology are developed today. That same spirit lives on in an institution that now brings together more than 400 professionals and continues to dream of unveiling and sharing the mysteries of the Universe. A programme with multiple ways of looking at the sky The structure of Soñando Estrellas revolves around a weekly interview with members of the IAC community, addressing recent discoveries, ongoing projects, telescopes, and scientific instrumentation, while offering an expert insight into the work carried out at the Institute. The programme is enriched by regular sections that add depth

The New Instruments at the Gran Telescopio Canarias: How FRIDA, GTCAO, HYPERCAM and GRANCAIN Are Transforming Astronomy from La Palma A new era for the world’s largest telescope in its class The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory and operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), remains the largest optical telescope on the planet—yet it is now also one of the most versatile, thanks to a new generation of instruments. The arrival of GTCAO, FRIDA, HYPERCAM, and the future GRANCAIN is redefining what we can observe from La Palma, placing the ORM in a privileged position within international astronomy. Over the past few years, the GTC has evolved quietly but steadily. What is happening now is a technological leap that dramatically expands its capabilities to study exoplanets, compact stars, galactic nuclei, and fast-changing phenomena that demand extreme timing precision. GTCAO: Adaptive optics opening a new window on the Universe Earth’s atmosphere is a challenge for any ground-based telescope. Turbulence distorts images and limits the details we can resolve. To overcome this, the GTC has incorporated GTCAO, its first adaptive optics system. According to the GTC technical documentation (https://www.gtc.iac.es/instruments/gtcao), the system can correct atmospheric distortions hundreds of times per second, reducing the effects of seeing and enabling the telescope to reach 0.03–0.05 arcseconds resolution in the infrared. Put into perspective: that’s roughly 20 times sharper than a conventional ground-based observation without correction. What science does GTCAO enable? Protoplanetary disks with details that were previously blurred A much clearer view of the Galactic Center of the Milky Way Direct imaging observations of exoplanets Fine-scale studies of star-forming regions GTCAO is the foundation for the GTC’s new high-precision instruments—especially FRIDA. FRIDA: the GTC’s infrared jewel FRIDA (inFRared Imager and Dissector for AO of GTC) is